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Realities, part of the NCRM
Based in the Morgan Centre

Working Papers

Our working papers series has moved. All the papers below (and more) are available from the Working Papers page on the Morgan Centre website.

Number Title, Author and Date
16

Mind maps, presentational knowledge and the dissemination of qualitative research

Reason, M (York St John University)
November 2010

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his paper explores the possibilities (and challenges) of using online interactive mind maps to disseminate qualitative research with the aim of offering an alternative to traditional, linear, text-based methods of dissemination.

15

Bringing things back to life: Creative entanglements in a world of materials

Ingold, T (University of Aberdeen)
July 2010

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The creation of things, according to Aristotle, involves a bringing together of form (morphe) and matter (hyle). In the subsequent history of western thought, the hylomorphic model of creation has become ever more deeply embedded. Contemporary discussions in fields ranging from anthropology and archaeology to art history and material culture studies continue to reproduce its underlying assumptions.

The aim of this paper is both to expose these assumptions and to replace the model with an ontology that assigns primacy to processes of formation as against their final products, and to the flows and transmutations of materials as against states of matter. The argument has five components.

First, the inhabited world consists not of objects, considered as bounded, self-contained entities, but of things, each a particular gathering of the threads of life.

Secondly, life has to be understood not as an interior animating force but as the generative capacity of that encompassing field of forces and materials wherein forms arise and are held in place. This notion of ‘life’ should not be confused with the concept of ‘agency’, which is a product of the same reduction that reduces things to objects.

Thirdly, a focus on life-processes required us to attend not to materiality as such, but to the fluxes and flows of materials. We have to follow these flows, tracing the paths of form-generation.

Fourthly, to understand how these paths are creative, we must read creativity ‘forwards’, as an improvisatory joining in with formative processes, rather than ‘backwards’ as an abduction from a finished object to an idea in the mind of an agent.

Finally, the pathways along which improvisatory practice unfolds are not connections between one thing and another but lines along which they continually come into being. Thus the entanglement of things has to be understood literally and precisely, not as a network of connections but as a meshwork of interwoven lines of growth and movement.

14

Sounding Out: Using music elicitation in qualitative research

Allett, N (Morgan Centre, University of Manchester)
March 2010

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Drawing on various media for elicitation within qualitative social research may generate thick and rich descriptions and discussion. This article introduces music as a valuable research tool and argues that music can serve to elicit data in relation to areas, topics, and feelings that typically remain unspoken or that are difficult to uncover in a conventional qualitative interview. The article considers the existing use of music methods and presents the potential benefits of using music and, in particular, music elicitation for qualitative research. It then presents a practical example of music elicitation in use, through considering a piece of research conducted with Extreme Metal fans. In doing so, the article addresses key considerations and methodological issues that may arise from using the method.

13

Disciplined Writing: On the problem of writing sociologically

Smart, C (Morgan Centre, University of Manchester)
January 2010

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Any form of writing is a disciplined activity because, even if one enjoys the process, it requires dedication, self-criticism, background research and the ability to create a comprehensible, readable form or shape from (often) ill-disciplined thoughts. But in addition to this, as a sociologist, it is necessary to write within the literary and scientific conventions of a specific discipline. It is not easy to know exactly what the rules of the discipline of sociology are however. Different journals have different conventions. Books may have much greater freedom of expression – but not if you are a ‘junior’ academic and even there the peer reviewing of manuscripts can be very rule bound. Theoretical writing can offer some freedoms too but it seems only if the writer takes refuge in (relative) incomprehensibility. But writing with qualitative data imposes a different set of requirements or discipline. So in this paper I shall consider the difficulties we face trying to write differently with these kinds of data and I will critically review my own attempt to meld together different forms of data in order to produce a sociological story which is still recognisably sociological but which may also produce different kinds of stories and engage with different imaginations.
12

Beyond the standard interview: The use of graphic elicitation and arts-based methods

Bagnoli, A (University of Cambridge)
March 2009

This paper has now been published in a special issue of Qualitative Research: Qualitative Research and Methodological Innovation (2009) Vol 9, No. 5 View article online [new window]

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This paper reviews the use of three graphic elicitation or arts-based methods: self-portraits, timelines and relational maps discussing how non-verbal techniques can allow participants to access and represent different levels of experience.
11

Coming to our senses? A critical approach to sensory methodology

Mason, J and Davies, K (Morgan Centre, University of Manchester)
March 2009

This paper has now been published in a special issue of Qualitative Research: Qualitative Research and Methodological Innovation (2009) Vol 9, No. 5 View article online [new window]

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This paper considers some of the key issues and challenges in researching sensory experience, and contributes to debates about how sensory methodology might further evolve as a critical practice. The authors suggest that social science research can benefit from a much greater awareness of the senses both in terms of its ontology (what is considered to be ‘there’ to research or to know about), and its epistemology (how it can be known).
10

Visual Research Ethics at the Crossroads

Prosser, J (University of Leeds), Clark, A (University of Salford) and Wiles, R (University of Southampton)
November 2008

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This paper provides an overview of the debates and practices that shape visual research ethics. The authors outline the requirements and expectations of institutional ethics review boards and legal frameworks, for example regarding filming and photographing in public and issues of copyright. They contend that legal and institutional requirements should not be the sole determinants when making decisions about ethics but rather must be situated within the research context and accommodated in a researcher’s individual moral framework.

The authors suggest that visual methods, and the data they produce, challenge some of the ethical practices associated with word and number based research, in particular around informed consent, anonymity and confidentiality, and dissemination strategies. They argue that research ethics are contested, dynamic and contextual and as such, are best approached through detailed understanding of the concrete, everyday situations in which they are applied.

09

The Darker Side of Visual Research

Prosser, J (University of Leeds)
October 2008

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This paper suggests that visual research slows down and focuses observation and encourages reflection on how we perceive visual material. The author that alongside the recent growth in the use of visual methods has come divergence and different ways of conducting visual studies.

The author considers the advantages and disadvantages visual methods, including the "darker side" mentioned in the paper title, the fragmentation of visual research which undermines its potential. The criteria for identifying a fragmentary perspective and suggestions for a more inclusive approach are examined.

08

Assessing Satisfaction: Insights from a multi-method study *

Green, J (University of York) with Statham, H, and Solomou, W (Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge)
April 2008

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The data to be discussed in this paper arose from a study of the experiences of parents who had an unborn baby with a serious abnormality. The study used multiple methods to assess parents’ satisfaction with aspects of their care which thus allow us some insights into methodological issues in the numerical rating of satisfaction.

It is increasingly being recognised that ‘satisfaction’ is a complex construct whose measurement is problematic. This paper outlines some of the specific issues in measuring and defining satisfaction which arose in this study and which we believe have much wider applicability. Although they inevitably serve to draw attention to the limitations of numerical scoring of satisfaction, they also illuminate the concept of satisfaction and enrich our understanding of it.

07

Understanding Community: A review of networks, ties and contacts *

Clark, A (University of Leeds)
May 2007

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This is an overview of different approaches to the study of social networks, relationships and contacts situated in the context of debates on the interpretation of the changing nature of ‘community’. Three approaches are considered;

  1. a traditional ‘community as locality’ approach that sees contacts as bound to a particular geographic location;
  2. ‘social network analysis’ that considers the ‘networked’ nature of an individuals’ contacts;
  3. and the idea that individuals are connected through ‘small worlds’ that attempt to understand the linked nature of different networks
06

Diversity and Subjectivity within Qualitative Psychology *

Gough, B and Madill, A (University of Leeds)
January 2007

Sorry, this paper is not available for download.

05

Anonymising research data *

Clark, A (University of Leeds)
December 2006

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This document outlines some thoughts and discussions we have been having about strategies of anonymisation of data to be collected through the Connected Lives project. It is commonplace for social science research to adopt a policy of ‘blanket anonymisation’, whereby all names, places and other identifying features are disguised across a data set, including from interview transcripts, diaries and field notes. In this paper, the author considers the practical and theoretical implications of such a strategy and suggests that anonymisation is not a process to be conducted – and assumed completed – at just one stage of the research process.

Moreover, anonymisation strategies cannot be separated out from other methodological (such as issues around archiving or mixing methods) or indeed substantive issues (such as enabling deeper appreciation of the relationality of networks, or the ways in which space might be constructed). The implications of whatever anonymisation strategy researchers adopt on the future ability to appreciate the social and spatial processes behind networks, neighbourhoods and communities, need to be made clear throughout the research process.

04

Six strategies for mixing methods and linking data in social science research *

Mason, J (Morgan Centre, University of Manchester)
July 2006

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This paper is written as a practical and accessible guide to some key issues in mixed methods research. It explores six broad strategies that can underpin the mixing of methods and linking of different forms of data, be they qualitative, quantitative, or spanning this divide.

It does this in a context where mixing methods has come to be seen as a good thing, and where research funders are increasingly thought to look favourably upon research proposals involving more than one method for generating and analysing data. Yet mixing methods for no good reason other than the sake of it can produce disjointed and unfocussed research, and can severely test the capabilities of researchers. Researchers engaging in mixed methods research need to have a clear sense of the logic and purpose of their approach and of what they are trying to achieve, because this ultimately must underpin their practical strategy not only for choosing and deploying a particular mix of methods, but crucially also for linking their data analytically.

The paper outlines challenges and opportunities that each of the six strategies brings for mixed methods practice and analysis, giving each a verdict.

03

Researching with visual images: Some guidance notes and a glossary for beginners *

Prosser, J (University of Leeds)
July 2006

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This paper is taken from a set of training materials for an introductory level course in visual research. It gives a list of key points to consider when embarking on visual research and has a glossary and a list of further reading.
02

Combining data, enhancing explanation *

Irwin, S (University of Leeds)
July 2006

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This paper explores some of the reasons for, and advantages in combining data from different methods to give a range of different perspectives on the research area.

Themes from this paper have been developed in a book chapter: Irwin, S (2008) 'Data analysis and interpretation: emergent issues in linking qualitative and quantitative evidence', in Hesse-Biber, S N and Leavy, P (eds) Handbook of Emergent Methods, New York: Guilford. (ISBN: 978-1-59385-147-7).

01

Lone motherhoods in context *

May, V (Morgan Centre, University of Manchester)
July 2006

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This paper investigates alternatives to studying the lives of lone mothers through the homogenizing category ‘lone mother’.

This can be achieved by an analysis which combines the following three critical perspectives on the category:

  1. understanding the impact that contexts (both material and cultural) have on how lone motherhood is defined and experienced;
  2. acknowledging how the category ‘lone mother’ is but one aspect of a woman’s life in which also other categories such as gender, class and ethnicity intersect and interact; and
  3. examining the impact that the category ‘lone mother’ has on the lives of women.

These three routes of analysis in combination allow an appreciation of the constraints placed by social inequalities on the lives of lone mothers, while not reducing these multi-dimensional lives to the one-dimensional category ‘lone mother’, and could form the basis of less stigmatizing and more effective policies.

* This is a Real Life Methods working paper.

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